Таксономия торговых барьеров: пять типов протекционизма
Аннотация
Данная статья рассматривает различные мотивы введения торговых барьеров, выделяя на этой основе пять типов протекционизма. Если в XX веке доминировали «протекционизм лоббистов» и «протекционизм индустриализаторов», то период после финансово-экономического кризиса 2008–2009 годов стал временем расцвета «протекционизма геостратегов» и «протекционизма популистов». Наконец, введение пограничного компенсационного углеродного механизма в ЕС может стать началом распространения «беневолентного протекционизма». Предложенная таксономия протекционизма демонстрирует, почему, несмотря на консенсус экономистов о пользе международной торговли, протекционизм по-прежнему так распространен. Она также позволяет объяснить, почему основная роль в интенсивном росте торговых барьеров в 2010–2020-е годы принадлежит развитым странам, ранее выступавшим главными сторонниками свободной торговли и глобализации.
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