Неординарное развитие рынка труда в США в 2020–2023 гг.
Аннотация
В работе рассмотрено развитие рынка труда в США с фокусом на его неординарность в период с 2020-го по 2023 г. Пандемия COVID-19 привела к введению локдаунов и ограничений в различных штатах, что повлияло на традиционный деловой цикл. Произошло значительное снижение занятости во многих отраслях, особенно в сфере услуг, таких как туризм, гостиничный бизнес, рестораны и развлечения. Введенные ограничения также повлияли на потребительские расходы, что привело к накоплению сбережений и отложенному спросу. В статье показана динамика безработицы по разным возрастным и расово-этническим группам, рассмотрены наиболее проблемные сегменты рынка труда в США. Особое внимание уделено удаленной занятости и трансформациям, к которым она ведет, в том числе гибридной работе, появлению зум-таунов, найму сотрудников при помощи цифровых платформ и другим. Показаны фискальные стимулы американского правительства и их значение для рынка труда. Дополнительное финансирование малого бизнеса привело к рекордному открытию новых предприятий и быстрому росту рабочих мест, благодаря которому были практически компенсированы потери, связанные с COVID-19. Особое внимание уделено инфляции, пик которой составил 9,1% в июне 2022 г., и высокий рост которой ведет к снижению реальных доходов населения, вынуждая их выходить на работу. Отмечена необычная ситуация сочетания медленного роста ВВП с высокой занятостью, механизм которой еще предстоит исследовать. В статье приведены данные опросов общественного мнения института Gallup, показывающие настроение в американском обществе относительно их финансового благополучия. Отдельно рассмотрен вопрос активизации американских профсоюзов на примере Объединенного профсоюза рабочих автомобильной промышленности, который в сентябре 2023 г. начал масштабную забастовку сразу на нескольких заводах «Большой тройки» («Дженерал Моторс», «Форд», «Стеллантис»).
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